Interior Design Reference Manual: Everything You Need To Know To Pass the NCIDQ Exam.
Study Timeline
This is the Study TIMELINE for Section 1:
This study guide is based on the use of the book:
Interior Design Reference Manual: Everything You Need To Know To Pass the NCIDQ Exam.
Interior Design Reference Manual: Everything You Need To Know To Pass the NCIDQ Exam.
Chapter 1: Codes
Chapter 1:
MEMORIZATION!!!!
That’s the key to remembering which code is which. This is a great chapter to start with and then to keep referencing back to.
I have made flash cards to remember which code is which and take a few minutes a night to just run over them.
IBC - International Building Code.
OCCUPANCY GROUPS
A- Assembly
B- Business
E- Educational
F- Factory and Industrial
H- Hazardous
I- Institutional
M-Mercantile
R- Residential
S- Storage
U- Utility
IBC - International Building Code.
OCCUPANCY GROUPS
A- Assembly
B- Business
E- Educational
F- Factory and Industrial
H- Hazardous
I- Institutional
M-Mercantile
R- Residential
S- Storage
U- Utility
Chapter 2: Means of Egress
Means of Egress: An exit access, the exit and the exit discharge.
Occupant Load:
Maximum Load of people to occupy the space (assumed by the IBC)
Table to assist with this is Table 2.1.
Required Number of Exits:
Every Building or Space must have at least one exit.
REST OF CHAPTER TO BE UPDATED...
Occupant Load:
Maximum Load of people to occupy the space (assumed by the IBC)
Table to assist with this is Table 2.1.
Required Number of Exits:
Every Building or Space must have at least one exit.
REST OF CHAPTER TO BE UPDATED...
Chapter 3 : Barrier Free
Key Notes Learned
Chapter 3: Barrier Free
Mirrors -
- Mirrors above lavatories and counter tops must be mounted with the bottom edge of the reflecting surface 40inches MAX a.f.f. (above the finished floor).
-Mirrors NOT over a lavatory or counter top shall be mounted 35" MAX a.f.f.
KEY EXCEPTION TO DOOR SWING into a water closet:
- The room has to be for individual use
-Have a clear floor space of 30" x 48" (beyond the Arc of the door swing)
-The door can also swing into the room if the WC is accessed only through a private office.
Ex.) In a medical suite the Doctor requests his/her own personal WC,
separate from patient use. This WC is meant for the DR. use only, so
the door can swing into the WC.
NOTE:
WHEN IN DOUBT CLEARANCES: 60" Diameter or 30"x 48"
Drinking Fountains:
30" x 48" for side approach.
Spout to be 36" max AFF
IBC requires two drinking fountains - one for wheelchair users and one for persons who are standing.
(you can use a combination unit if applicable instead of the drinking fountains)
Floor Surfaces:
Must be slip resistant.
Change in level less then 1/4" no transition is required.
Change in floor is between 1/4" and 1/2" a beveled transition strip is required. Slope no greater then 1:2
Changes greater then 1/2" must have a ramp.
Ramps:
Ramps are required to be 1:12.
Maximum rise for any ramp is 30". changes greater to this require a level landing.
Clear width of 36"
Landing length must be 60". If ramp changes direction in a building then the landing must be 60" by 60".
Ramps greater then 72" must have a handrail on both sides.
Top of the handrail must be 34" - 38" above the ramp.
Handrail must extend horizontal 12" past the top and bottom of the ramp.
Handrail shall be 1 1/4' to 1 1/2" diameter.
1 1/2" between handrail and wall.
Chapter 3: Barrier Free
Mirrors -
- Mirrors above lavatories and counter tops must be mounted with the bottom edge of the reflecting surface 40inches MAX a.f.f. (above the finished floor).
-Mirrors NOT over a lavatory or counter top shall be mounted 35" MAX a.f.f.
KEY EXCEPTION TO DOOR SWING into a water closet:
- The room has to be for individual use
-Have a clear floor space of 30" x 48" (beyond the Arc of the door swing)
-The door can also swing into the room if the WC is accessed only through a private office.
Ex.) In a medical suite the Doctor requests his/her own personal WC,
separate from patient use. This WC is meant for the DR. use only, so
the door can swing into the WC.
NOTE:
WHEN IN DOUBT CLEARANCES: 60" Diameter or 30"x 48"
Drinking Fountains:
30" x 48" for side approach.
Spout to be 36" max AFF
IBC requires two drinking fountains - one for wheelchair users and one for persons who are standing.
(you can use a combination unit if applicable instead of the drinking fountains)
Floor Surfaces:
Must be slip resistant.
Change in level less then 1/4" no transition is required.
Change in floor is between 1/4" and 1/2" a beveled transition strip is required. Slope no greater then 1:2
Changes greater then 1/2" must have a ramp.
Ramps:
Ramps are required to be 1:12.
Maximum rise for any ramp is 30". changes greater to this require a level landing.
Clear width of 36"
Landing length must be 60". If ramp changes direction in a building then the landing must be 60" by 60".
Ramps greater then 72" must have a handrail on both sides.
Top of the handrail must be 34" - 38" above the ramp.
Handrail must extend horizontal 12" past the top and bottom of the ramp.
Handrail shall be 1 1/4' to 1 1/2" diameter.
1 1/2" between handrail and wall.
Chapter 5: Interior Construction
INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION:
Partitions:
3 Types Mainly Used
Ø Gypsum Wallboard
Ø Lath and Plaster
Ø Masonry
GYPSUM WALLBOARD:
Ø Commonly available in 4 ft wide sheets
Ø Available in lengths of 8, 10, 12 and 14 ft.
Ø There is one manufacturer that does produce 4 ½ ft wide product to reduce the number of joints.
Ø Thicknesses range from a ¼” to 5/8”
Ø There is a 2hour fire rated Gyp Board that is ¾” thick. This allows for a 2 hour rated partition using one layer of gyp.
GYPSUM ASSOCIATION (GA-214-CCD, Recommended Levels of Gypsum Board Finish)
Level 0 – No Taping, Finishing or Accessories
Level 1 – Used For Plenums or Places you wont see the Gyp Board
Level 2 – Used where water resistant (where finish is not seen)
Level 3 – Two Coats of joint compound – used where finishes are heavy or Medium textured.
Level 4 – Three Coats of Joint Compound – used for light textures or wall covering
Level 5 – Thin skim coat of joint compound applied over the entire surface. – Used for paint finish.
WOOD STUDS:
2” x 4” or 2” x 6”
METAL STUDS
(C- Shaped Channel)
1 5/8”, 2 ½”, 3 5/8”, 4, and 6 in.
Hat-Shaped Furring Channels (Hat Channel). (furring our walls)
Most commonly used stud is 2 ½”
Most Studs are spaced 16” OC or 24” OC.
Note:
Typical 5/8” thickness applied in commercial
Typical ½” thickness is applied in residential.
GYPSUM WALL BOARD TRIM:
Ø LC Bead: Requires Joint Compound
Ø L Bead: Good for installation of wallboard after installed.
Ø U Bead: Sometimes called J metal by contractors. Metal is noticeable.
Ø LK Bead: Trim used for various thicknesses in wallboard. Kerfed Jamb.
Recycling: Old wallboard can be used in soil additive.
Glass Reinforced Gypsum:
Ø Gypsum product with fiberglass mixed into the mix.
Ø It can conform to almost any space.
Ø Use in an interior space where it is NOT exposed to dampness.
Georgia-Pacific – Picture of GRG Product.
LATH AND PLASTER:
Ø Stucco is an exterior form of plaster. (Portland Cement)
Ø Plaster is made of Cementing compound, fine aggregate, and water.
Ø Lath is slats of wood Sized 2” x 4’
Ø The method of a Lath Plaster Partition is to have 2x4 or 2x6 studs 16” OC. Tack the 2” x 4” Lath to the stud. The 4” length is meant to cover three studs. Apply vertical (temporary) Latchs across the horizontal Laths. Apply plaster over the entire surface. Remove the temporary slats. And cover those areas with plaster. Make sure the plaster is pushed through the cracks in the Laths.
Ø
Picture from Wikipedia – Lath and Plaster
Chapter 7: Mechanical and Electrical Systems
Mechanical and Electrical Systems:
Two Methods of Heating or Cooling:
Air or Water
HVAC - Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning.
Commercial Space:
Variable Air Volume (VAV)
High-velocity dual duct
Constant volume with reheat
and multi Zone systems.
Plenum- Space between Ceiling Grid and Slab. Duct work and electric work is generally run in this area.
KEY Components:
Flex Ducting
Supply
Return
Main duct
Heating Convector is used to circulate how water to heat the space.
Chase is used to vertically run ducts or pipes.
Mixing Box - (6"x 18", 24"x 60", 14" x 66" sizes)generally located in the plenum, controls the quantity and temperature of air going into a space. Thermostats are connected to the mixing box. Expensive and difficult to move.
Chase wall: two runs of studs with a few inches in between them.
Toilet carrier: Steel Frame work to carry the weight of a wall hung toilet.
Plenum can be used as a return air space.
Teflon-coated wire or conduits can be used in the plenum. exposed wire or combustible material is prohibited in the plenum space.
THERMOSTATS:
Normally located 48" AFF (44" for ADA). Away from exterior walls and heating sources.
WINDOWS:
2" min. from window covering (ex. blinds) to glass to avoid heat build up (cracking in glass).
1 1/2" min window covering to heating supply unit.
ACOUSTICAL SEPARATION:
All cracks to have acoustical sealant.
Also my cut the convector and re pipe (expensive)
or
Caulk or sealant in the convector.
Air-Supply Diffusers:
Lay-in Air Diffuser - used in ceiling grids (can also be used in gyp and plaster ceilings {trim flange}
residential diffuser - Residential application
Slot Air Diffuser - (long and narrow, used when square diffuser aren't feasible)
EX.) 18" x 12"
Width and height
USE CHAPTER 7 to Remember Symbols.
ELECTRICAL:
Designer is to show where to put outlets, data and switches.
Junction Boxes measure about 2" x4"
Larger boxes are about 4"x4"
Types of Cable:
under-Carpet Wiring - telephone wire, 120 V wire run under carpet. (can only be done with carpet tile)
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION - Outlets may not be more then 12' apart and there most be one on each wall surface where furn may be. (GOAL is to not run wire across door openings)
Ground Fault Interrupters - devices that detect leaks and disconnect power. Can be part of a circuit breaker or installed in an outlet.
(generally required in any area with the potential of water leakage)
In residential CD's Power and Data can be shown on construction plan, In commercial projects it is shown on a separate plan.
PLUMBING:
Commercial building plumbing is located at the core of the building.
Mechanical engineer drafts up plumbing plans.
4" pipe sloped at 1/4" per foot is used for drainage.
Soil Stack for human waste.
Vent Stack for waste that is not human waste.
FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY:
Contain the fire and limit the spread.
Places of Refuge (in high rise buildings)
4 Different Fire Detection:
Ionization Detector: considered early warning detectors. detects fires by particles not smoke.
Photoelectric Detector: aka smoke detector
Rise of Temperature Detector: heat generates the alarm
Flame Detector: ultraviolet radiation in flames sets these alarms off.
Detectors are required near fire doors, exits and corridors.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
IBC requires a sprinkler system in any building higher then 75'.
Side wall sprinklers are good for narrow spaces or corridors.
NFPA 13 is where most building codes refer to sprinkler codes.
FIRE HAZARD CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS:
Light, Ordinary or Extra Hazard. Each classification in divided even further and these classification decide the distance between the sprinkler heads.
MAX spacings for sprinkler heads is 15' oc.
(max distance from the wall being 1/2 the required spacing)
STANDPIPES - Run vertically between floors and connect to fire hoses.
Check out Chapter 7 for Fire Extinguisher classifications A-D. A Class Fire Extinguisher being the Extinguisher for the least hazardous and D being the most.
Halogenated Agents can extinguish fire in a room where water would do damage. However, the chemical damages the ozone layer.
Two Methods of Heating or Cooling:
Air or Water
HVAC - Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning.
Commercial Space:
Variable Air Volume (VAV)
High-velocity dual duct
Constant volume with reheat
and multi Zone systems.
Plenum- Space between Ceiling Grid and Slab. Duct work and electric work is generally run in this area.
KEY Components:
Flex Ducting
Supply
Return
Main duct
Heating Convector is used to circulate how water to heat the space.
Chase is used to vertically run ducts or pipes.
Mixing Box - (6"x 18", 24"x 60", 14" x 66" sizes)generally located in the plenum, controls the quantity and temperature of air going into a space. Thermostats are connected to the mixing box. Expensive and difficult to move.
Chase wall: two runs of studs with a few inches in between them.
Toilet carrier: Steel Frame work to carry the weight of a wall hung toilet.
Plenum can be used as a return air space.
Teflon-coated wire or conduits can be used in the plenum. exposed wire or combustible material is prohibited in the plenum space.
THERMOSTATS:
Normally located 48" AFF (44" for ADA). Away from exterior walls and heating sources.
WINDOWS:
2" min. from window covering (ex. blinds) to glass to avoid heat build up (cracking in glass).
1 1/2" min window covering to heating supply unit.
ACOUSTICAL SEPARATION:
All cracks to have acoustical sealant.
Also my cut the convector and re pipe (expensive)
or
Caulk or sealant in the convector.
Air-Supply Diffusers:
Lay-in Air Diffuser - used in ceiling grids (can also be used in gyp and plaster ceilings {trim flange}
residential diffuser - Residential application
Slot Air Diffuser - (long and narrow, used when square diffuser aren't feasible)
EX.) 18" x 12"
Width and height
USE CHAPTER 7 to Remember Symbols.
ELECTRICAL:
Designer is to show where to put outlets, data and switches.
Junction Boxes measure about 2" x4"
Larger boxes are about 4"x4"
Types of Cable:
under-Carpet Wiring - telephone wire, 120 V wire run under carpet. (can only be done with carpet tile)
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION - Outlets may not be more then 12' apart and there most be one on each wall surface where furn may be. (GOAL is to not run wire across door openings)
Ground Fault Interrupters - devices that detect leaks and disconnect power. Can be part of a circuit breaker or installed in an outlet.
(generally required in any area with the potential of water leakage)
In residential CD's Power and Data can be shown on construction plan, In commercial projects it is shown on a separate plan.
PLUMBING:
Commercial building plumbing is located at the core of the building.
Mechanical engineer drafts up plumbing plans.
4" pipe sloped at 1/4" per foot is used for drainage.
Soil Stack for human waste.
Vent Stack for waste that is not human waste.
FIRE PROTECTION AND LIFE SAFETY:
Contain the fire and limit the spread.
Places of Refuge (in high rise buildings)
4 Different Fire Detection:
Ionization Detector: considered early warning detectors. detects fires by particles not smoke.
Photoelectric Detector: aka smoke detector
Rise of Temperature Detector: heat generates the alarm
Flame Detector: ultraviolet radiation in flames sets these alarms off.
Detectors are required near fire doors, exits and corridors.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM:
IBC requires a sprinkler system in any building higher then 75'.
Side wall sprinklers are good for narrow spaces or corridors.
NFPA 13 is where most building codes refer to sprinkler codes.
FIRE HAZARD CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS:
Light, Ordinary or Extra Hazard. Each classification in divided even further and these classification decide the distance between the sprinkler heads.
MAX spacings for sprinkler heads is 15' oc.
(max distance from the wall being 1/2 the required spacing)
STANDPIPES - Run vertically between floors and connect to fire hoses.
Check out Chapter 7 for Fire Extinguisher classifications A-D. A Class Fire Extinguisher being the Extinguisher for the least hazardous and D being the most.
Halogenated Agents can extinguish fire in a room where water would do damage. However, the chemical damages the ozone layer.
Chapter 8: Construction Documents
Construction Drawings or Contract Documents:
Order of Drawings:
-Title and Index Sheet
-Floor Plans
-Reflected Ceiling Plans
-Elevations
-Details
-Structural Drawings - If required.
-Mechanical Drawings
-Electrical Drawings
-Fire Protection Drawings
NUMBERING DRAWINGS
Ex.) A1, A2, M1, M2
A - Architectural or Interiors
E - Electrical
FP - Fire Protection
I - Interiors
M - Mechanical
P- Plumbing (sometimes included in M)
S - Structural
SP- Site Plan
Disciplines can be grouped.
Example:
1 - Floor plans
2 - Reflected Ceiling Plan
3 - Elevations
etc...
Large Projects - Commercial
Example
A1.1, M1.1, M1.2
High rise Buildings:
54A1.3
(54th floor Architectural Floor Plan 3rd sheet in Discipline)
Floor plans are drawn as if the cut line was at 4'-0".
Drawings are usually drawn at 1/8"=1'-0" or 1/4"=1'-0"
If large scale plans are required ex. toilet plans then they are drawn at 1/2"=1'-0"
Reflected Ceiling Plans should be drawn at the same scale as the floor plans.
Elevations are typ. drawn at 1/4" scale.
Occasionally they are drawn at 3/8" or 1/2"
Details are often drawn at 1"=1'-0", 1 1/2" = 1'-0", 3"=1'-0"
Order of Drawings:
-Title and Index Sheet
-Floor Plans
-Reflected Ceiling Plans
-Elevations
-Details
-Structural Drawings - If required.
-Mechanical Drawings
-Electrical Drawings
-Fire Protection Drawings
NUMBERING DRAWINGS
Ex.) A1, A2, M1, M2
A - Architectural or Interiors
E - Electrical
FP - Fire Protection
I - Interiors
M - Mechanical
P- Plumbing (sometimes included in M)
S - Structural
SP- Site Plan
Disciplines can be grouped.
Example:
1 - Floor plans
2 - Reflected Ceiling Plan
3 - Elevations
etc...
Large Projects - Commercial
Example
A1.1, M1.1, M1.2
High rise Buildings:
54A1.3
(54th floor Architectural Floor Plan 3rd sheet in Discipline)
Floor plans are drawn as if the cut line was at 4'-0".
Drawings are usually drawn at 1/8"=1'-0" or 1/4"=1'-0"
If large scale plans are required ex. toilet plans then they are drawn at 1/2"=1'-0"
Reflected Ceiling Plans should be drawn at the same scale as the floor plans.
Elevations are typ. drawn at 1/4" scale.
Occasionally they are drawn at 3/8" or 1/2"
Details are often drawn at 1"=1'-0", 1 1/2" = 1'-0", 3"=1'-0"
Chapter 9:Construction Specifications
Construction Specifications:
Bond Book (information on project):
-Bidding requirements: invitation to bid, pre-qualification forms, instruction to bidders etc...
-Supplements to bid forms
-Contract Forms
-General Supplementary Condition
-Technical Specifications
Prescriptive Specification - designer indicates specific description on materials used to contractor
Performance Specifications - designer indicated what the final project will look like. The contractor has a little more flexibility in picking products and materials.
Proprietary Specifications - most restrictive. This gives the interior designer total control on indicating which products and materials will be used. This is tough for the bidding process for contractors.
Base-Bid Specification - Allows for the call out of a specific product or material, but allows for approved equal substitutions.
Descriptive Specifications - Details for fabrication not for specific material used.
Reference Standard Specifications- Products to meet certain tests or standards to be used
Performance Specifications- Products or materials to achieve a particular result.
Master Specifications- guide specifications - General specification of materials and products. Master is more specific and guide specifications are just guidelines.
Construction Specification Institute - CSI - Standardized information on products and material.
CSI Divisions:
Division 00: Procurement and Contracting Requirements
Division 01: general Requirements
Division 02: Existing Conditions
Division 03: Concrete
Division 04: Masonry
Division 05: Metals - Structural Steel - handrails
Division 06: Wood, Plastics, and Composites - Wood Framing, rough carpentry, architectural woodworking.
Division 07: Thermal & Moisture Protection - waterproofing
Division 08: Openings - Doors and Windows
Division 09: Finishes - Gypsum Wallboard, flooring materials, acoustical ceiling, decorative ceilings
Division 10: Specialties - Display Boards, toilet compartments, pre-built fireplaces
Division 11: Equipment - Vaults, Security, Vending Machines
Division 12: Furnishings
Division 13: Special Construction - lightning protection
Division 14: Conveying Equipment - Elevators
Division 21: Fire Suppression - Detection and Alarms
Division 22: Plumbing
Division 23: HVAC
Division 25: Integrated Automation - Energy Monitoring
Division 26: Electrical
Division 27: Communications - Computer Network
Division 28: Electronic Safety and Security
Part 1 - General Requirements
Part 2 - Details and Specifications
Part 3 - Products and Materials Installed
Methods of Installation should not be outlined in the construction drawings but should be outlined in the construction specifications.
Note that in the past when the construction documents and the construction manual outlining the specification do not correlate. the courts tend to rule that the Construction Manual is more binding.
Bond Book (information on project):
-Bidding requirements: invitation to bid, pre-qualification forms, instruction to bidders etc...
-Supplements to bid forms
-Contract Forms
-General Supplementary Condition
-Technical Specifications
Prescriptive Specification - designer indicates specific description on materials used to contractor
Performance Specifications - designer indicated what the final project will look like. The contractor has a little more flexibility in picking products and materials.
Proprietary Specifications - most restrictive. This gives the interior designer total control on indicating which products and materials will be used. This is tough for the bidding process for contractors.
Base-Bid Specification - Allows for the call out of a specific product or material, but allows for approved equal substitutions.
Descriptive Specifications - Details for fabrication not for specific material used.
Reference Standard Specifications- Products to meet certain tests or standards to be used
Performance Specifications- Products or materials to achieve a particular result.
Master Specifications- guide specifications - General specification of materials and products. Master is more specific and guide specifications are just guidelines.
Construction Specification Institute - CSI - Standardized information on products and material.
CSI Divisions:
Division 00: Procurement and Contracting Requirements
Division 01: general Requirements
Division 02: Existing Conditions
Division 03: Concrete
Division 04: Masonry
Division 05: Metals - Structural Steel - handrails
Division 06: Wood, Plastics, and Composites - Wood Framing, rough carpentry, architectural woodworking.
Division 07: Thermal & Moisture Protection - waterproofing
Division 08: Openings - Doors and Windows
Division 09: Finishes - Gypsum Wallboard, flooring materials, acoustical ceiling, decorative ceilings
Division 10: Specialties - Display Boards, toilet compartments, pre-built fireplaces
Division 11: Equipment - Vaults, Security, Vending Machines
Division 12: Furnishings
Division 13: Special Construction - lightning protection
Division 14: Conveying Equipment - Elevators
Division 21: Fire Suppression - Detection and Alarms
Division 22: Plumbing
Division 23: HVAC
Division 25: Integrated Automation - Energy Monitoring
Division 26: Electrical
Division 27: Communications - Computer Network
Division 28: Electronic Safety and Security
Part 1 - General Requirements
Part 2 - Details and Specifications
Part 3 - Products and Materials Installed
Methods of Installation should not be outlined in the construction drawings but should be outlined in the construction specifications.
Note that in the past when the construction documents and the construction manual outlining the specification do not correlate. the courts tend to rule that the Construction Manual is more binding.
Chapter 10: Architectural Woodwork
Architectural Woodwork vs Finish Carpentry
AW is done in factories. Finish Carpentry is done on site.
AWI - Architectural Woodwork Institute
Three types of quality for AW -
Premium, Custom and Economy
Softwoods:
Evergreen, pine and fir
Hardwoods:
oak and maple
Solid Stock (1/2" or thicker)
Plain Sawing (least expensive), Quarter Sawing (most efficient and durable) or Rifting (most expensive).
Veneer Cuts: (1/16" thick)
Rotary Slicing (least appealing look, most efficient), Plain Slicing, Quarter Slicing, Half round slicing, rift slicing.
Veneers that come from the same piece of log. That log is called a flitch.
JOINTS:
Half Lap, Finger Joint, Scarf, Rabbet, dado, Dovetail dado, miter, shoulder miter, splinted miter
Types of Cabinet Door Framing:
Flush Construction, Flush Overlay Construction, Reveal Overlay Construction
Veneer Matching:
Book Matching (mirrored)
Slip Matching
Random Matching- Veneers from different flitches maybe used.
PANEL (A bunch of Veneer matches) Matching:
Running Match
Balance Match
Center Match
Matching Panels in a Room:
Warehouse Match
Sequence Match
Blueprint Match
PLASTIC LAMINATE (HPDL):
MDF is better for laminates with a smooth glossy finish. but it is more expensive then particleboard.
MDF is smoother then Particle board.
TRIM:
Standing Trim - Installed with one piece of wood
Running Trim - Installed with multiple pieces of wood.
Note: Wood molding is only available in pine, oak, and walnut.
FINISHES:
Field Finished or Factory Finished
OPAQUE:
Lacquer, Varnish, polyurethane, and polyester - USED on closed grain woods
Invisible Finish:
Lacquer, varnish, penetrating oils, polyurethane and polyester
STAINS:
Water based stains - even coloring - raise grain
Solvent Based Stains - Do not Raise the grain, dry quick, but is not as even
AW is done in factories. Finish Carpentry is done on site.
AWI - Architectural Woodwork Institute
Three types of quality for AW -
Premium, Custom and Economy
Softwoods:
Evergreen, pine and fir
Hardwoods:
oak and maple
Solid Stock (1/2" or thicker)
Plain Sawing (least expensive), Quarter Sawing (most efficient and durable) or Rifting (most expensive).
Veneer Cuts: (1/16" thick)
Rotary Slicing (least appealing look, most efficient), Plain Slicing, Quarter Slicing, Half round slicing, rift slicing.
Veneers that come from the same piece of log. That log is called a flitch.
JOINTS:
Half Lap, Finger Joint, Scarf, Rabbet, dado, Dovetail dado, miter, shoulder miter, splinted miter
Types of Cabinet Door Framing:
Flush Construction, Flush Overlay Construction, Reveal Overlay Construction
Veneer Matching:
Book Matching (mirrored)
Slip Matching
Random Matching- Veneers from different flitches maybe used.
PANEL (A bunch of Veneer matches) Matching:
Running Match
Balance Match
Center Match
Matching Panels in a Room:
Warehouse Match
Sequence Match
Blueprint Match
PLASTIC LAMINATE (HPDL):
MDF is better for laminates with a smooth glossy finish. but it is more expensive then particleboard.
MDF is smoother then Particle board.
TRIM:
Standing Trim - Installed with one piece of wood
Running Trim - Installed with multiple pieces of wood.
Note: Wood molding is only available in pine, oak, and walnut.
FINISHES:
Field Finished or Factory Finished
OPAQUE:
Lacquer, Varnish, polyurethane, and polyester - USED on closed grain woods
Invisible Finish:
Lacquer, varnish, penetrating oils, polyurethane and polyester
STAINS:
Water based stains - even coloring - raise grain
Solvent Based Stains - Do not Raise the grain, dry quick, but is not as even
Chapter 12: Contract Administration
Stakeholder- Anyone who has an interest in the outcome of the project.
1st Step- Identify the design team.
-The schedule
-Scope of work
Select Consultans -
Structural - electrical and mechanical engineers for example
SET UP FILES
-Keep complete records of project stages
Design Bid-Build
- Traditional Approach
- Steps
o 1 Designer Designs Project
o 2 Prepares Construction Drawing and Spec
o 3 Sent to Bidders
o 4 Lowest Bid Selected
o 5 Complete Construction
Construction Manager
- Will act as agent for the owner.
- CM’s are commonly used with “Fast Track” construction
NOTE: Can be useful with large projects.
Design Build
- Design and Construction with one entity.
- Example: Interior Designer that owns its own construction company or construction company that employs interior designers.
Contract Administration
- All activities done by the Interior Designer while contract between owner and contractor is enforced.
Submittals
- Shop Drawings
- Control Samples
NOTE: The Submittals should by checked and signed by the contractor prior to sending them to the interior designer.
Rejecting Work
NOTE: The interior designer does not have the right to reject furniture, furnishings, or equipment. Only the owner can reject that.
Claims
- A claim is the owner or contractor seeking money or extra time.
- A claim must be made in writing and must be done within 21 days of what prompted the claim.
- Interior Designer must take action within 10 days of receiving the claim
- After the final decision to the claim has been rendered the claim can be called into mediation within 30 days.
Two Types of Claims
- Claims for Additional Time
- Claims for concealed or unknown conditions
If a decision is not acceptable by both parties the claim goes into “MEDIATION” bringing in a 3rd party. If still not able to agree the claim goes into “ARBITARATION” a legal binding process.
Payment
- Note: Retainage is usually about 10%
- Warranties usually start on the date of substantial completion.
1st Step- Identify the design team.
-The schedule
-Scope of work
Select Consultans -
Structural - electrical and mechanical engineers for example
SET UP FILES
-Keep complete records of project stages
Design Bid-Build
- Traditional Approach
- Steps
o 1 Designer Designs Project
o 2 Prepares Construction Drawing and Spec
o 3 Sent to Bidders
o 4 Lowest Bid Selected
o 5 Complete Construction
Construction Manager
- Will act as agent for the owner.
- CM’s are commonly used with “Fast Track” construction
NOTE: Can be useful with large projects.
Design Build
- Design and Construction with one entity.
- Example: Interior Designer that owns its own construction company or construction company that employs interior designers.
Contract Administration
- All activities done by the Interior Designer while contract between owner and contractor is enforced.
Submittals
- Shop Drawings
- Control Samples
NOTE: The Submittals should by checked and signed by the contractor prior to sending them to the interior designer.
Rejecting Work
NOTE: The interior designer does not have the right to reject furniture, furnishings, or equipment. Only the owner can reject that.
Claims
- A claim is the owner or contractor seeking money or extra time.
- A claim must be made in writing and must be done within 21 days of what prompted the claim.
- Interior Designer must take action within 10 days of receiving the claim
- After the final decision to the claim has been rendered the claim can be called into mediation within 30 days.
Two Types of Claims
- Claims for Additional Time
- Claims for concealed or unknown conditions
If a decision is not acceptable by both parties the claim goes into “MEDIATION” bringing in a 3rd party. If still not able to agree the claim goes into “ARBITARATION” a legal binding process.
Payment
- Note: Retainage is usually about 10%
- Warranties usually start on the date of substantial completion.
Chapter 13: Construction and FF and E Contracts
Construction and FF and E Contracts
Owner Purchase Furniture from Vendor Directly
-Interior Designer may help with the selection
"Owner Vendor Agreement"
Owner makes monthly payments to the contractor 10% of each payment is withheld till completion of work
" Owner Contractor Agreement"
-The Uniform Commercial Code
-Provide rules for buying and selling goods
example.) warranties
The Delivery of Goods is also regulated by the UCC and ICC- Interstate Commerce Commission
Interior Designer acts as owners representative.
Owner Purchase Furniture from Vendor Directly
-Interior Designer may help with the selection
"Owner Vendor Agreement"
Owner makes monthly payments to the contractor 10% of each payment is withheld till completion of work
" Owner Contractor Agreement"
-The Uniform Commercial Code
-Provide rules for buying and selling goods
example.) warranties
The Delivery of Goods is also regulated by the UCC and ICC- Interstate Commerce Commission
Interior Designer acts as owners representative.
Chapter 14: Bidding and Negotiations of Contracts
Bidding and Negotiations of Contracts
Bid Contract:
-Drawings and Specifications Completed by interior designer then sent to several contractors who bid on the work.
-Rules and Guidelines for bidding are stated in the Americam Institute of Architects (AIA Document A701)
-
Contractors Prequalification-
-Preselcted Contractors by the owner.
2 Ways of notifying contractors of Prospective bid
-1.) Advertising in newspapers or Trade Journals.
-2.) Invitation to Bid.
NOTE- Advertising for bids is usually mandatory for public work.
Substitutions
-Contractors are required to submit requests for substitution for approval 10 days before bidding opens.
Addenda-
-Issued by the interior designer to contractors stating additions, deletions, clarifications, or corrections to bidding set.
Addenda is issued and sent to bidders no later then 4 days of receiving bids.
Prebid Conference-
-Meeting with Architect, Interior Designer, Owner etc...
To answer all questions.
Bid Opening
-Opening all of the completed bids.
Bidding Documents
-Advertisement or Invitation to Bid
-Instructions
NOTE: Government projects require bids to be open publicly.
Performance Bond:
3% - Insures Completition of Project.
Labor and Material Bond
-Required along with performance bond to protect the owner against both types of problems.
Bid Contract:
-Drawings and Specifications Completed by interior designer then sent to several contractors who bid on the work.
-Rules and Guidelines for bidding are stated in the Americam Institute of Architects (AIA Document A701)
-
Contractors Prequalification-
-Preselcted Contractors by the owner.
2 Ways of notifying contractors of Prospective bid
-1.) Advertising in newspapers or Trade Journals.
-2.) Invitation to Bid.
NOTE- Advertising for bids is usually mandatory for public work.
Substitutions
-Contractors are required to submit requests for substitution for approval 10 days before bidding opens.
Addenda-
-Issued by the interior designer to contractors stating additions, deletions, clarifications, or corrections to bidding set.
Addenda is issued and sent to bidders no later then 4 days of receiving bids.
Prebid Conference-
-Meeting with Architect, Interior Designer, Owner etc...
To answer all questions.
Bid Opening
-Opening all of the completed bids.
Bidding Documents
-Advertisement or Invitation to Bid
-Instructions
NOTE: Government projects require bids to be open publicly.
Performance Bond:
3% - Insures Completition of Project.
Labor and Material Bond
-Required along with performance bond to protect the owner against both types of problems.
Chapter 15: Selection of Materials, Finishes, and Furnishings
Selection of Materials, Finishes, and Furnishings:
Criteria for Selection:
FUNCTION-
Acoustical Qualities- Most important quality. Measured in the NRC (Noise Recuction Coeeficient)
Aesthetics
Availability
Choice of Color
Installation Method
DURABILITY
Durability of Wall Coverings are coverd in ASTM F793- Standard Classification of Wall Covering by use Charactreistics.
-Abraison resistance: resist being worn away
-Attachment: How one material is connected to another
-Blocking Resistance: Capability of a material to resist ashesion or sticking between two surfaces of a wall covering.
Breaking Strength- Refers to the load that when placed on a material, is just great enough to break the material.
-Chemical Resistance: is a materials resistance to damage, change of finish, or other deleterious changes resulting from exposure to chemicals.
-Coating Adhesion- Refers to the ability of a Thin coat.
-Cold Cracking Resistance: is the resistance of coated or decorative surface to cracking when they are exposed to low temps.
MAINTAINABILITY
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Finish Safety: surface and edge condition. (no sharp projections)
Flamability: Rated in flame spread, smoke developed, and fuel contributed.
MOST COMMON TEST: ASTM E84
Volatile Organic Compound - VOC
COST
-Life Cycle Cost.
SELECTION OF FURNITURE, FIXTURES, AND EQUIPMENT
-Freestanding interior components.
Uniform Commercial Code incompasses the contracts for FF and E.
3 Basic Types of Categories for Furniture:
-Ready Made
-Custom Designed
-Built-in
TYPES of FURNITURE
-Seating
-Tables
-Workstations
-Storage
-Beds
-System Furniture
Selection of Furniture Fabrics
TYPES of Fabrics:
Wool- (expensive)- natural fiber
Cotton- Cellulosic Fiber, comes from the seed hairs of the cotton plant. Pros: inexpensive, good tensil strength, moderatley good abrasion resistance. Cons- poor resiliencs, fades in sunlight over time. Burns readily and is subject to mildew.
Linen- Made from fibers of the flax plant. It is a "bast fiber" meaning it comes from the stalk of a plant. (like Jute, ramie and hemp) Lacks resilience and flexibiltiy.
Silk- Made from silkworm siliava
Rayon- regenerated cellulosic fibers. Poor resistance to sunlight and poor resillience. High absobancey and resistance to water.
Acetate- regenerated cellulosic fiber composed of acetic acid, and other chemicals.
LOW in cost, doe not wear well. and it is flamible.
Nylon- One of the most popular synthetic fibers. Strong and highly resilient.
Acrylic- Often used as a replacement of wool.
Olefin- inexpensive and is highly resistant to chemicals.
Ployester- Polyester has many desirable qualities including good resistance. (tends to absob and hold oily materials)
Criteria for Selection:
FUNCTION-
Acoustical Qualities- Most important quality. Measured in the NRC (Noise Recuction Coeeficient)
Aesthetics
Availability
Choice of Color
Installation Method
DURABILITY
Durability of Wall Coverings are coverd in ASTM F793- Standard Classification of Wall Covering by use Charactreistics.
-Abraison resistance: resist being worn away
-Attachment: How one material is connected to another
-Blocking Resistance: Capability of a material to resist ashesion or sticking between two surfaces of a wall covering.
Breaking Strength- Refers to the load that when placed on a material, is just great enough to break the material.
-Chemical Resistance: is a materials resistance to damage, change of finish, or other deleterious changes resulting from exposure to chemicals.
-Coating Adhesion- Refers to the ability of a Thin coat.
-Cold Cracking Resistance: is the resistance of coated or decorative surface to cracking when they are exposed to low temps.
MAINTAINABILITY
SAFETY AND HEALTH
Finish Safety: surface and edge condition. (no sharp projections)
Flamability: Rated in flame spread, smoke developed, and fuel contributed.
MOST COMMON TEST: ASTM E84
Volatile Organic Compound - VOC
COST
-Life Cycle Cost.
SELECTION OF FURNITURE, FIXTURES, AND EQUIPMENT
-Freestanding interior components.
Uniform Commercial Code incompasses the contracts for FF and E.
3 Basic Types of Categories for Furniture:
-Ready Made
-Custom Designed
-Built-in
TYPES of FURNITURE
-Seating
-Tables
-Workstations
-Storage
-Beds
-System Furniture
Selection of Furniture Fabrics
TYPES of Fabrics:
Wool- (expensive)- natural fiber
Cotton- Cellulosic Fiber, comes from the seed hairs of the cotton plant. Pros: inexpensive, good tensil strength, moderatley good abrasion resistance. Cons- poor resiliencs, fades in sunlight over time. Burns readily and is subject to mildew.
Linen- Made from fibers of the flax plant. It is a "bast fiber" meaning it comes from the stalk of a plant. (like Jute, ramie and hemp) Lacks resilience and flexibiltiy.
Silk- Made from silkworm siliava
Rayon- regenerated cellulosic fibers. Poor resistance to sunlight and poor resillience. High absobancey and resistance to water.
Acetate- regenerated cellulosic fiber composed of acetic acid, and other chemicals.
LOW in cost, doe not wear well. and it is flamible.
Nylon- One of the most popular synthetic fibers. Strong and highly resilient.
Acrylic- Often used as a replacement of wool.
Olefin- inexpensive and is highly resistant to chemicals.
Ployester- Polyester has many desirable qualities including good resistance. (tends to absob and hold oily materials)
Chapter 16: Furniture and Furnishings Documents and Procedures.
BIFMA- Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association.
ANSI- American Standard Institute
CSI- Master Format
Division 12 is Furniture
TRADE SOURCES
Sales Rep
-factory reps
-manufacturers reps.
Independent Reps - work for themselves.
Delarships
Showrooms.
Specialty shops
manufacturers
PROCURMENT PROCESS
ID can proceed in one of three ways:
1- ID gives furn spec info to dealer.
2- ID acts as purchasing agent for the client
3- ID acts as reseller of the goods.
Sales aggreement is a contract sighned by the client insuring payment for furniture.
PO- Purchase Order
NOTE:
Drop Ship- Where merchandise is to be shipped.
Original copy of the PO is sent to the vendor.
Bill of Lading is carried by the trucker and lists the contents of the shipment.
AIA Document A251 - General Conditions of the Contract for furniture Furnishings and Equipment.
ANSI- American Standard Institute
CSI- Master Format
Division 12 is Furniture
TRADE SOURCES
Sales Rep
-factory reps
-manufacturers reps.
Independent Reps - work for themselves.
Delarships
Showrooms.
Specialty shops
manufacturers
PROCURMENT PROCESS
ID can proceed in one of three ways:
1- ID gives furn spec info to dealer.
2- ID acts as purchasing agent for the client
3- ID acts as reseller of the goods.
Sales aggreement is a contract sighned by the client insuring payment for furniture.
PO- Purchase Order
NOTE:
Drop Ship- Where merchandise is to be shipped.
Original copy of the PO is sent to the vendor.
Bill of Lading is carried by the trucker and lists the contents of the shipment.
AIA Document A251 - General Conditions of the Contract for furniture Furnishings and Equipment.
Chapter 17: Cost Estimating and Budgeting
Things that go into the cost and budget:
Consturction Costs: $$$ to build project
Furniture and Fixtures- Usually under seperate contract.
Contractors Overhead and Profit-
- General Overhead - What is takes to run an office
- Project Overhead- $ it takes to complete a project.
Total Overhad costs range from 10-20% of the total cost of the contractor, materials and equipment.
-Profit- Will range from 5-15% of total cost for consturction
Proffesional Fees-
fees for ID and architects as well as other consultants.
Taxes-
Sales Tax paid for furn
Moving costs-
Some clients like to include this into their building budget.
Telephone and Data system requirments-
This is most likely coord. without the ID.
Contingencies-
Should always be added to the budget for unforseen changes.
Other Costs-
Two other concerns the owner may be concerned with is financing and inflation factor.
With large projects over long period of time there may be an inflation factor. (example.) gas prices)
METHODS OF ESTIMATING
Square Footage:
Budgets based on size. (first most preliminary type)
Parameter:
Expanded itemization of construction quantities, and furnishings in an itemized method.
Detailed Quantity Take Offs:
Most percise kind of budget.
Counting actual quantites and materials and multiplying these by the firms quoted cost.
COST INFROMATION
-Geographic Location
-Inflation
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
Method for determining the toatal cost of a building .
It takes into account the inital cost as well as the cost of financing, operation and maintenance and disposal.
Study Period - is the estimated length of time assumed for the product.
Consturction Costs: $$$ to build project
Furniture and Fixtures- Usually under seperate contract.
Contractors Overhead and Profit-
- General Overhead - What is takes to run an office
- Project Overhead- $ it takes to complete a project.
Total Overhad costs range from 10-20% of the total cost of the contractor, materials and equipment.
-Profit- Will range from 5-15% of total cost for consturction
Proffesional Fees-
fees for ID and architects as well as other consultants.
Taxes-
Sales Tax paid for furn
Moving costs-
Some clients like to include this into their building budget.
Telephone and Data system requirments-
This is most likely coord. without the ID.
Contingencies-
Should always be added to the budget for unforseen changes.
Other Costs-
Two other concerns the owner may be concerned with is financing and inflation factor.
With large projects over long period of time there may be an inflation factor. (example.) gas prices)
METHODS OF ESTIMATING
Square Footage:
Budgets based on size. (first most preliminary type)
Parameter:
Expanded itemization of construction quantities, and furnishings in an itemized method.
Detailed Quantity Take Offs:
Most percise kind of budget.
Counting actual quantites and materials and multiplying these by the firms quoted cost.
COST INFROMATION
-Geographic Location
-Inflation
LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
Method for determining the toatal cost of a building .
It takes into account the inital cost as well as the cost of financing, operation and maintenance and disposal.
Study Period - is the estimated length of time assumed for the product.
Chapter 18: Finishes
Chapter 18: Finishes
WOOD FLOORING:
Four Basic Types:
- Strip Flooring: (most common) Has tongue and groove edges3/8"-25/32" thick strip. Most strips are 2 1/4" wide, but some strips are 1 1/2" wide.
 |
| Strip Flooring |
-Plank Flooring: Same thickness as strip. 3 1/4"-8" Wide
-Block Flooring: is reassembled flooring in 3 basic configurations
-Unit Block Flooring: standard strip flooring held together with steel of wood splines.
- Laminate Block Flooring: Made from 3-7 plies of cross laminated wood veneer.
 |
| Laminate Flooring |
- Parquet Flooring: made from reassembled small slats of wood. Usually sold in 12" squares
 |
| Parquet Flooring |
-Solid End Grain Blocks
Most Durable flooring0 rarely used. It used to be popular in industrial settings.
2 1/4"-4" Thick
Grading of wood products are set by various associations. Ex.) National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association and the Maple Flooring Association.
Unfinished Oak Flooring is Graded as CLEAR, Select, No.1 Common, and No. 2 Common
Note: Clear is the best grade with the most uniform color.
3 3/4' is the average length.
Note: Beech, Birch, and Maple are available in 1st, 2nd, 3rd grades. along with combination grades.
Bamboo Flooring:
Renewable Resource. It comes from a grass not a tree. 1/2"-3/4" Thick 3" Wide or Wider. Is as duable as Red Oak and Maple. Down side is that the transportation to the states.
Bamboo is prefinished with a polyurathane coating. It is installed by nailing or adhesive with tongue and groove edges.
Palm Wood is also environmentally friendly.
This is a by product of harvested coconut palms. Available in 3/4"-3" Wide strips. Installed with tongue and grove edges. It is harder and more stable then red oak, maple and white oak. This is prefinished with polyurathane.
INSTALLATION
Wood Flooring must be installed over a suitable nail base.
Cons of wood flooring:
it can smell if it gets wet.
Wood expands and contracts with temperatures.
How to prevent this: Leave flooring product in environment for a few days prior to installing it. Poly urathane film can be laid down to prevent moisture under the flooring and plywood.
Leave 3/8"-3/4"space at the edge of the flooring to allow for expansion. Conceal the space with a wood base.
Put plywood on top of concrete flooring to provide nailable surface.
Strip Flooring is installed by blind nailing it through the tongue.
Installation with sleepers under the plywood allows for space for moisture to escape to. See picture below for flooring with sleepers. Sleepers are usually 2"x4" and are 12" oc, random lengths18"-48"; set in asphalt mastic; stagger joints 4"
MOST COMMON WOODS USED IN FLOORING:
Maple
Oak (Red and White)
Birch
Beech
OTHER ALT
Bamboo (grass that takes 3-4 years to mature)
STONE FLOORING
5 Types of Stone Most Commonly Used
Granite
Marble
Limestone
Slate
Sandstone
Granite: Igneous Rock w. visible grains.
-Finishes: Polished Finish - reflective
Honed Finish -dull sheen
Fine Rubbed finish- smooth surface no sheen
Rubbed Finish- Some scratches
Thermal or Flame finish- coarse surface
Marble: Metamorphic Rock
-Finishes: Polished Finish - reflective
Honed Finish -satin smooth surface
Abrasive Finish- Flat non reflective finish (stair treds and non slip surfaces)
Wet Sand Finish- smooth surface, good for non slip floor.
Limestone: Mostly used for exterior surfaces.
Exception is a limestone called travertine. Travertine is frequently used for flooring. This rock has a number of holes in it that must be filled with epoxy resin.
Slate: Metamorphic Rock - fine grained
- Easily split into thin slabs. good for flooring and roofing.
Abrasive Finish- Flat non reflective finish (stair treds and non slip surfaces)
Wet Sand Finish- smooth surface, good for non slip floor.
Limestone: Mostly used for exterior surfaces.
Exception is a limestone called travertine. Travertine is frequently used for flooring. This rock has a number of holes in it that must be filled with epoxy resin.
Slate: Metamorphic Rock - fine grained
- Easily split into thin slabs. good for flooring and roofing.
-Finishes: Sand Rubbed Finish- even plane showing slight grain
Honed Finish -semi polished without sheen.
Sandstone: Sedimentary Rock - Sand and other substances
Sandstone when taken from the original rock it is called flagstone. flagstone has a naturally rough surface.
INSTALLATION
Two primary installation methods:
Thin set installation or a Thick Set Installation
Thin Set Installation - stone is set on subfloor with a thin set (1/8") mortar or with adhesive.
Thick Set Installation - Stone is set on subfloor with a thick set (3/4"-1 1/4") mortar.
Note: Install stone when mortar is wet or wait for mortar to dry and then apply a thin layer of mortar and install the stone on the wet thin layer.
thick set installation is usually the best most used way to install stone.
Honed Finish -semi polished without sheen.
Sandstone: Sedimentary Rock - Sand and other substances
Sandstone when taken from the original rock it is called flagstone. flagstone has a naturally rough surface.
INSTALLATION
Two primary installation methods:
Thin set installation or a Thick Set Installation
Thin Set Installation - stone is set on subfloor with a thin set (1/8") mortar or with adhesive.
Thick Set Installation - Stone is set on subfloor with a thick set (3/4"-1 1/4") mortar.
Note: Install stone when mortar is wet or wait for mortar to dry and then apply a thin layer of mortar and install the stone on the wet thin layer.
thick set installation is usually the best most used way to install stone.
NOTE: Thick Set installation: The thick mortar can be bonded to the sub floor or it can have a wire next set into the mortar, allowing for the mortar to be structural separate from the sub floor. This will avoid any cracks in the stone if the subfloor ever shifts.
Thin Set Installation can be installed on wood or concrete sub floor.
Stone flooring can be set butted together or with some space in between. If there is space in between use grout, portland cement, or sand mixture.
You can also use latex grout. This is a little more flexible.
NOTE THICKNESS:
Thin set install: 1/4"-3/8" above sub floor
Thick Set install: 1 1/2" - 2 1/2" above sub floor.
TERRAZZO:
Terrazzo is a composite material poured into place. Consists of marble, quartz, granite, etc.. in chips. It mixes like cement. Terrazzo is poured and polished to create smooth surface.
PROS - Durability, good for wet areas. easy to clean and fire resistant.
4 TYPES of Terrazzo
-Standard Terrazzo
-Venetian Terrazzo
-Palladian Terrazzo
-Rustic Terrazzo
Standard Terrazzo - Most Common, uses small chips (3/8" being the largest)
Venetian Terrazzo - Uses large Chips
Palladian Terrazzo - Uses thin random fractured slab of marble with standard terrazzo
Rustic Terrazzo - Has a matrix depressed to expose the chips
INSTALLATION
Sand cushioning is the best method to use so the Terrazzo wont crack.
See diagram on page 18-6
Other types of installation
:Bonded Terrazzo- Bold straight to concrete
Monolithic terrazzo - cut into the existing concrete in slivers and put divider strip in the cut and to separate the tile.
Thin Set Terrazzo - Light adhesive with T divider straight on concrete.
RESILIENT FLOOR
Common Types of Resilient Floor
Vinyl, Rubber and Cork
Vinyl - pure vinyl, vinyl composites, vinyl tiles, and sheet vinyl
- 1/16 and 1/8" Thick 7" or 9" squares.
-Sheet vinyl come in 6, 9, 12 ft wide rolls. Has few seems and is harder to install.
VCT or Vinyl Composition Tile Similar to vinyl tile but is is made to include various types of fillers decreasing the percentage of polyvinyl chloride. VCT costs less but is less flexible less durable and less abrasion resistant.
Installation: Can be applied with mastic (best way)
it can also be applied with peel and stick. You can also get tile with attached foam backing for greater resilience.
Rubber Flooring - made from synthetic rubber. Comfortable, wuiet resilient flooring.
NOTE: Rubber is not very resistant to oil or grease.
Flooring is available in tiles or in sheets. and in several thicknesses.
Cork Flooring- made from granulated pieces of bark from the cork oak tree. They are bonded together under heat and pressure.
Takes 9 years for the tree to grow a new skin after the tree was harvested.
Cork is made in planks and tiles. It is good where acoustical control is needed.
12" squares 1/8" - 1/4" thick
12" wide and 3' long planks.
INSTALLATION
Installed by using adhesives with the tile and the plank is edge glued without being fixed to the sub floor.
Linoleum- made with oxidized linseed oil, wood flour, pigments and fillers. it is applied over a burlap or asphalt backing.
Note - Is made from natural materials which make is a sustainable material.
NOTE: Testing concrete for moisture
Max limit for moisture emissions is 3.0lb/1000ft2/24h when exposed to 73 degree F and 50 % relative humidity.
To see detail info on testing information turn to page 18-8.
Carpet:
Three Basic Forms of Carpet: Rugs, Sheet Carpet and carpet tiles.
Sheet carpet comes in rolls typ. 12' wide
Carpet Tile: is individual pieces of carpet 18" square.
Fibers used in carpet : wool, nylon, acrylic, modacrylic, polyester, and olefin.
Wool is natural and overall the best to use for a carpet. and is one of the most expensive.
Nylon is the most widely used fiber.
Olefin is primarily used for indoor outdoor carpet. Least attractive carpet.
Manufacturing Carpet:
Weaving- Traditional method. Most expensive method.
Wilton- produced on a Jaquard loom that allows for complex patterns. Wiltons are heavier and generally more expensive then other carpets.
note: imagine all the different colors of yarn running through the same area and the machine only pulls up the certain color of yarn when that yarn is needed for that pattern.
Velvet carpet- simplest form of weaving. Places on the pile of yarn on the face of the carpet.
Can be used with plushes, loop pile, cut pile, multi level loop, and cut and loop styles.
Axminster - made on modified Jaquard loom. It is only different from the Wilton carpet because the yarns are placed on the surface. This carpet has an even cut pile surface with a ribbed backing.
Tufting- pile yarn is punched through the backing with rows of needles. This is the most popular carpet manufactured and is very inexpensive.
It can not be loop or cut pile carpet.
Needle Punching - Similar to tufting accept uses a barbed needle.
Fusion Bonding - embeds the yarn in the liquid backing that is vinyl. does not have a backing and is usually used for carpet tiles.
Note the higher the pitch, gauge and stitch Numbers are the denser the carpet.
CARPET BACKING AND CUSHIONS
Polypropylene backing yarn is most common for woven carpets. Secondary backing of latex is usually applied.
INSTALLATION
Direct Glue Down- Carpet is attached to floor with adhesive
Stretched-in installation- tackles strips attached around the perimeter.
FLAMMABILITY -
All carpet must pass the flammability test ASTM D2859 - metahenamine pill test.
ICB - Carpet must also meet the ASTM- E 648 Flooring Radiant Panel Test.
TILE:
Ceramic Tile and Quarry Tile
Ceramic Tile - made from clay or a mixture of clay. glazed or unglazed surface.
Quarry Tile 0 Glazed or unglazed surface and is made from natural clay or shale.
NOTE- Glazed and in glazed tile over 6 in squared made by the dust pressed method is called a paver tile.
Classification of Abrasion Resistance:
Group I - Light Commercial
Group II- moderate residential
Group II- Max Residential
Group IV - commercial
LAMINATE FLOORING
Variation of plastic laminate.
Available in planks and is normally laid on a cushioned foam underlaymaent with tongue and grove edges.
Note - A vapor barrier is normally required when it is laid over concrete.
SEAMLESS FLOOR
Flooring is either poured or trowled onto a subfloor. Some products are self leveling.
Applied thickness is 1/16"-1/2"
SAFETY FACTORS
COF - coefficient of friction. Ranges from 0-1. The higher the COF the less slippery the surface.
WALL FINISHES
PAINT
Pigments give paint its color.
The body of most quality paint is titanium dioxide or white.
Solvent and binder. two components in paint. Solvent dissolves and the binder for application of the coat.
Paints are classified as wither solvent based or water based types.
Clear solvent include varnishes, shellac, silicone, and urethane. When a pigment is added it becomes a stain.
Latex pains are water based. with vinyl chloride or acrylic resin as binders. Acrylic latex is better then vinyl latex.
For more durable finishes and epoxy is used.
Temp for applying paint is generally between 55 degrees and 85 degrees.
Finish of paints - Gloss, Semi Gloss, Satin and flat.
Gloss shows a lot of imperfections.
NOTE: If the building is built before 1978 there may be lead based paint.
Wallpaper
20 1/2" inch wide and 21 ft long
Straight Match - when they line up
Drop Match- lower the piece to line the pattern up.
Vinyl Wall covering
Comes in rolls that are 52" or 54" wide and 30 yards long.
Three grades of vinyl wall covering
Type I- light duty
Type II- medium duty
Type III- Heavy duty.
Double Cutting - overlapping adjacent strips.
butting - but the joints up to one another.
Fabric Wall covering
Types of fabrics used - Wool, silk, and synthetics.
Acoustic Panels
Have at least 1 inch of sound absorption material. In addition they are covered with a permeable material such as a loose weave fabric.
Window Treatments
Shades, blinds, soft coverings, and hard coverings.
see figure 18.7 for clarification on types of window treatments.
Chapter 19: Acoustics
Acoustics
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND
3 Basic Qualities
-Velocity
-Frequency
-Power
Velocity - Mediumin which sound travels
Frequency- Number of Cycles completed per second and is measured in Hz
Power- Is the energy measured in watts.
NOTE:
0dB is the Threshold for human hearing.
130 dB is the threshold of human pain.
HUMAN SENITIVITY TO SOUND
-Healthy Person hears between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz
-More sensitive to high frequency then low.
-Speech is between 125 Hz - 8,000 Hz.
SOUND TRANSMISSION
Noise- 2 basic problems in controling noise.
-minimizing sound from one space to another.
-reducing noice within a space
STC- Sound Transmission Class.
Note: the higher the STC rating the better the barrier.
STC ratings range from 25- 50.
page 19-4
FUNDAMENTALS OF SOUND
3 Basic Qualities
-Velocity
-Frequency
-Power
Velocity - Mediumin which sound travels
Frequency- Number of Cycles completed per second and is measured in Hz
Power- Is the energy measured in watts.
NOTE:
0dB is the Threshold for human hearing.
130 dB is the threshold of human pain.
HUMAN SENITIVITY TO SOUND
-Healthy Person hears between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz
-More sensitive to high frequency then low.
-Speech is between 125 Hz - 8,000 Hz.
SOUND TRANSMISSION
Noise- 2 basic problems in controling noise.
-minimizing sound from one space to another.
-reducing noice within a space
STC- Sound Transmission Class.
Note: the higher the STC rating the better the barrier.
STC ratings range from 25- 50.
page 19-4
Chapter 22: Developing Design Concepts
Theory
- Design Theory is the first thing to beginning to design.
- A Design Theory is NOT a style
Historic Precedent
- Use Designs and examples of the past to form your current design.
Environmental Design research
- Focus on theories between humans and their environment.
- Rationalize design based on research
Evidence Based Design (EBD)
- Basing design decisions on credible research.
- Example – patient in hospitals recover faster and have less stress when around nature.
Function Needs
- Simple, Rational solutions to design problems.
- Developed and nurtured in the Bauhaus school of design.
o Walter Gropius
- Modernism used newly emerging techniques to create function
- No unnecessary decoration.
- Functionalist approach stated by Le Corbusier “A house is a machine for living”
Gestalt Psychology
- How the human perceives things.
- In general the human brain groups things and fill in the structure to create an overall picture.
- Gestalt psychology also explores how humans change their opinion on a color if the background color changes.
Coe Inconsistencies
- Example restaurant and cleaning smells- smell makes you not want to eat.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Abraham Maslow
- Humans have a variety of needs.
- Maslow summed up in two groups with a hierarchy.
- Group 1: Deficiency Needs
o Food
o Safety
o Love
o Self-esteem.
- Group 2: Growth Needs
o Self actualization
o Cognitive need to know
o Aesthetic need for order and beauty.
Territoriality
- People need to claim the spaced they occupy and things they own.
Proxemics
- Edward T. Hall created it
- Personal space between strangers and people we know vary.
- What makes us feel comfortable.
- Closest of all distances is intimate distance
o Physical contact – 6”
- Design Theory is the first thing to beginning to design.
- A Design Theory is NOT a style
Historic Precedent
- Use Designs and examples of the past to form your current design.
Environmental Design research
- Focus on theories between humans and their environment.
- Rationalize design based on research
Evidence Based Design (EBD)
- Basing design decisions on credible research.
- Example – patient in hospitals recover faster and have less stress when around nature.
Function Needs
- Simple, Rational solutions to design problems.
- Developed and nurtured in the Bauhaus school of design.
o Walter Gropius
- Modernism used newly emerging techniques to create function
- No unnecessary decoration.
- Functionalist approach stated by Le Corbusier “A house is a machine for living”
Gestalt Psychology
- How the human perceives things.
- In general the human brain groups things and fill in the structure to create an overall picture.
- Gestalt psychology also explores how humans change their opinion on a color if the background color changes.
Coe Inconsistencies
- Example restaurant and cleaning smells- smell makes you not want to eat.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Abraham Maslow
- Humans have a variety of needs.
- Maslow summed up in two groups with a hierarchy.
- Group 1: Deficiency Needs
o Food
o Safety
o Love
o Self-esteem.
- Group 2: Growth Needs
o Self actualization
o Cognitive need to know
o Aesthetic need for order and beauty.
Territoriality
- People need to claim the spaced they occupy and things they own.
Proxemics
- Edward T. Hall created it
- Personal space between strangers and people we know vary.
- What makes us feel comfortable.
- Closest of all distances is intimate distance
o Physical contact – 6”
Chapter 23- Elements of Design
Elements of Design
FORM- Basic Shape and configuration of an object, or space.
ex.) cylindrical, flat, square
-Form can be affected by light, color and other basic elements.
POINT- A position with no dimension
-A single point creates a location position
-Two points creates a distance between them and an implied direction.
LINE- An object or form whose actual or visual length greatly exceeds any actual width or depth.
-Horizontal lines are generally perceived as a restful, stable and related to the plane of earth.
-Vertical lines usually convey strength.
equilibrium, performance and a strong upward movement.
-Diagonal Lines are dynamic and often represent movement either upward or downward.
-Curved Lines relate more to nature and the world and the human body.
NOTE: Vertical lines appear to be longer then a horizontal line that is the same length.
-Vertical lines tend to make a space feel higher.
-Horizontal lines make a space feel lower.
PLANE- A form with 2 dominant dimensions. Length and width.
Planar Surface- Walls, Floors and Ceilings
Furniture and other objects are usually constructed of planes.
VOLUME - True 3D aspect.
-Objects with length, width and depth.
SHAPE - ex.) Geometrical Shape, pyramidal, globular.
-Square: generally suggests rational stable form.
-Circle: Implies Unity
-Triangle: Stable but dynamic
SCALE- Relative size of something as related to another element.
-Proportion - relationship of parts of a composition to each other.
NOTE- Human Scale is the most common scale.
COLOR- Color is the physical property of visible light that is one part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum.
-Each color is different by the wavelength.
NOTE: Violet hat the shortest wavelength.
When all the colors of light are present in the equal amounts we perceive white light.
-Colors created by light are additive colors.
example.) Blue objects absorbs or subtract most of the colors of light accept blue which is reflected to the eye,
-Colors created with pigments are called subtractive colors.
NOTE: When all colors of a pigment are equally present to a color, black is seen (additive color system)
3 Primary Colors - Red, Green and Blue (additive)
When Combined Equally they create white
COLOR HAS BASIC QUALITIES
Hue, Value and Intensity.
Value is the degree of lightness or darkness
Intensity is the degree of purity
-When White is added to a color it is called tinting
-When Black is adds to a hue is it called shade.
-Adding gray of the same value as the hue creates a tone.
- A tone can also be created by adding its compliment color.
BREWSTER SYSTEM (Prang System)
-Traditional Color Wheel
-Primary Colors- Red, Blue, and Yellow
-Secondary Colors - Violet, orange, and green
-Tertiary color- Primary _Secondary Color
MUNSELL COLOR SYSTEM
-Uses three scales in 3 Dimensions
-Value
-Hue
-Chroma
5 Principle Hues - Yellow, Purple, Green, Red, Blue
5 Intermediate Hues
NOTE:
Effects of adjacent colors
- When two complimentary colors are next to one another they seem more vibrant.
- 2 Primary colors together seem to be tinted by the third primary color.
- Neutral grey will appear to be warm when placed on a blue background and cool when placed on a red background.
- Human Eye perceives all light as white.
- Incandescent light is very yellow
- midday sunlight is predominantly blue
- cool white fluorescent lamps have large blue and green components
- Warm white fluorescent lamps have a higher yellow orange component.
-Light that has a similar particular strong hue component will intensify colors with similar hues and neutralize colors of complimentary hues.
PSYCHOLOGY of COLOR
Cool Colors - BLUE, GREEN, and VIOLET
-Considered restful and quiet
Warm Colors- RED, YELLOW and ORANGE
-Considered active and stimulating.
Effect of color on spatial perception
- bright Warm colors tend to make an object such as furniture appear larger.
- Dark color will make an object look smaller and heavier
- Light, Neutral colors extend the apparent space of a room while dark values make a space feel closed in.
- Warm colors advanced while cool colors recede.
Color Schemes -
5 Common Methods of Using Color:
- Monochromatic
-Analogous
- Complimentary
- Triad
- Tetred
Monochromatic - one hue with variation only in intensity and value.
Analogous- Uses hues that are close to each other.
- Colors are with in the same 90 degree wedge of the color wheel
Complimentary Colors-
- hues that are opposite each other on the color wheel
Triad- Uses 3 Colors equally spaced around the color wheel
example.) yellow-orange, Blue-Green, Red-Violet
Tetrad- Uses 4 colors equally spaced around the color wheel .
Texture- Surface quality of a material
NOTE: texture can be either actual or visual.
- Strong Direct Lighting will washout texture
- Strong Side Lighting emphasizes texture.
- smooth texture reflects light and shows imperfections.
FORM- Basic Shape and configuration of an object, or space.
ex.) cylindrical, flat, square
-Form can be affected by light, color and other basic elements.
POINT- A position with no dimension
-A single point creates a location position
-Two points creates a distance between them and an implied direction.
LINE- An object or form whose actual or visual length greatly exceeds any actual width or depth.
-Horizontal lines are generally perceived as a restful, stable and related to the plane of earth.
-Vertical lines usually convey strength.
equilibrium, performance and a strong upward movement.
-Diagonal Lines are dynamic and often represent movement either upward or downward.
-Curved Lines relate more to nature and the world and the human body.
NOTE: Vertical lines appear to be longer then a horizontal line that is the same length.
-Vertical lines tend to make a space feel higher.
-Horizontal lines make a space feel lower.
PLANE- A form with 2 dominant dimensions. Length and width.
Planar Surface- Walls, Floors and Ceilings
Furniture and other objects are usually constructed of planes.
VOLUME - True 3D aspect.
-Objects with length, width and depth.
SHAPE - ex.) Geometrical Shape, pyramidal, globular.
-Square: generally suggests rational stable form.
-Circle: Implies Unity
-Triangle: Stable but dynamic
SCALE- Relative size of something as related to another element.
-Proportion - relationship of parts of a composition to each other.
NOTE- Human Scale is the most common scale.
COLOR- Color is the physical property of visible light that is one part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum.
-Each color is different by the wavelength.
NOTE: Violet hat the shortest wavelength.
When all the colors of light are present in the equal amounts we perceive white light.
-Colors created by light are additive colors.
example.) Blue objects absorbs or subtract most of the colors of light accept blue which is reflected to the eye,
-Colors created with pigments are called subtractive colors.
NOTE: When all colors of a pigment are equally present to a color, black is seen (additive color system)
 |
| Additive Color System |
 |
| Subtractive Color System |
3 Primary Colors - Red, Green and Blue (additive)
When Combined Equally they create white
COLOR HAS BASIC QUALITIES
Hue, Value and Intensity.
Value is the degree of lightness or darkness
Intensity is the degree of purity
-When White is added to a color it is called tinting
-When Black is adds to a hue is it called shade.
-Adding gray of the same value as the hue creates a tone.
- A tone can also be created by adding its compliment color.
BREWSTER SYSTEM (Prang System)
-Traditional Color Wheel
-Primary Colors- Red, Blue, and Yellow
-Secondary Colors - Violet, orange, and green
-Tertiary color- Primary _Secondary Color
MUNSELL COLOR SYSTEM
-Uses three scales in 3 Dimensions
-Value
-Hue
-Chroma
5 Principle Hues - Yellow, Purple, Green, Red, Blue
5 Intermediate Hues
NOTE:
Effects of adjacent colors
- When two complimentary colors are next to one another they seem more vibrant.
- 2 Primary colors together seem to be tinted by the third primary color.
- Neutral grey will appear to be warm when placed on a blue background and cool when placed on a red background.
- Human Eye perceives all light as white.
- Incandescent light is very yellow
- midday sunlight is predominantly blue
- cool white fluorescent lamps have large blue and green components
- Warm white fluorescent lamps have a higher yellow orange component.
-Light that has a similar particular strong hue component will intensify colors with similar hues and neutralize colors of complimentary hues.
PSYCHOLOGY of COLOR
Cool Colors - BLUE, GREEN, and VIOLET
-Considered restful and quiet
Warm Colors- RED, YELLOW and ORANGE
-Considered active and stimulating.
Effect of color on spatial perception
- bright Warm colors tend to make an object such as furniture appear larger.
- Dark color will make an object look smaller and heavier
- Light, Neutral colors extend the apparent space of a room while dark values make a space feel closed in.
- Warm colors advanced while cool colors recede.
Color Schemes -
5 Common Methods of Using Color:
- Monochromatic
-Analogous
- Complimentary
- Triad
- Tetred
Monochromatic - one hue with variation only in intensity and value.
Analogous- Uses hues that are close to each other.
- Colors are with in the same 90 degree wedge of the color wheel
Complimentary Colors-
- hues that are opposite each other on the color wheel
Triad- Uses 3 Colors equally spaced around the color wheel
example.) yellow-orange, Blue-Green, Red-Violet
Tetrad- Uses 4 colors equally spaced around the color wheel .
Texture- Surface quality of a material
NOTE: texture can be either actual or visual.
- Strong Direct Lighting will washout texture
- Strong Side Lighting emphasizes texture.
- smooth texture reflects light and shows imperfections.
Chapter 24: Principle of Design
Chapter 24
Principles of Design
Balance depends on weight and placement,
3 Types of Balance
- Symmetrical - Asymmetrical - Radial
Symmetrical
- Consists of identical elements arranged equally about a common axis.
Asymmetrical Balance
- Equalize the visual or optical weights of non similar elements.
-generally considered informal and dynamic.
Radial Balance
- Type of symmetrical balance in witch elements are arranged uniformly about a central plan.
Aspects of Design
- Harmony
-Rhythm
Emphasis can be achieved.
- Location
-Size, color, shape or texture.
Contrast
NOTE- Black does not exist without white
Fibonacci Series-
Sequence of numbers beginning with 0 and 1
- Each number in the series is the sum of the previous two.
-when any number is divided by the previous term, the quotient is in the golden ratio.
Modular System
- Developed by Le Corbusier
-Use the human body as a starting point.
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